R. v. Jacquard, 2019 NSSC 338
[47] The Crown submits that section 244.2(1)(a) or (b) is an included offence in a charge under section 244(1). The accused disagrees. I agree with the accused that 244.2(1)(a) is not an included offence as he was not charged with discharging a firearm into or at a "place". This would introduce an additional element to the offence for which he was not given reasonable notice by the charge.
[48] Whether 244.2(1)(b) is an included offence requires further analysis.
[49] Section 662 of the Code provides:
(1) A count in an indictment is divisible and where the commission of the offence charged, as described in the enactment creating it or as charged in the count, includes the commission of another offence, whether punishable by indictment or on summary conviction, the accused may be convicted
(a) of an offence so included that is proved, notwithstanding that the whole offence that is charged is not proved; or
(b) of an attempt to commit an offence so included.
[50] Section 244(1) of the Code states:
Every person commits an offence who discharges a firearm at a person with intent to wound, maim or disfigure, to endanger the life of or to prevent the arrest or detention of any person - whether or not that person is the one at whom the firearm is discharged.
[51] The Indictment, as amended by my order above, alleges that the accused "on or about the 18th day of March, 2018, at or near East Quinan, Nova Scotia, with intent to endanger the life of Justin Michael Williams, did discharge a firearm at Justin Michael Williams contrary to section 244(1) of the Criminal Code".
[52] Section 244.2(1)(b) of the Code provides:
244.2(1) Every person commits an offence
…
(b) who intentionally discharges a firearm while being reckless as to the life or safety of another person.
[53] As to subsection (b), the accused argues that the element of "being reckless" is not an element of the charge in the Indictment and so cannot be an included offence.
[54] The legal authorities establish that there are two complimentary notions or principles to determine if an offence is "included". In R. v. Simpson (1981), 1981 CanLII 3284 (ON CA), 58 C.C.C. (2d) 122, 1981 CarswellOnt 40 the Ontario Court of Appeal said:
25 The decisions interpreting the meaning of "an included offence" under the present s. 589(1)(a) [now s. 662] and its predecessors reflect two complementary notions or principles. First, an "included offence" is part of the main offence. The offence charged, either as described in the enactment creating the offence, or as charged in the count, must contain the essential elements of the offence said to be included: see Fergusson v. R., 1961 CanLII 97 (SCC), [1962] S.C.R. 229, 36 C.R. 271, 132 C.C.C. 112; R. v. Ovcaric (1973), 1973 CanLII 1425 (ON CA), 22 C.R.N.S. 26, 11 C.C.C. (2d) 565 at 568 (Ont. C.A.); Juneau v. R. (1971), 16 C.R.N.S. 268 at 270 (Que. C.A.); R. v. Kay, [1958] O.W.N. 478 (C.A.); R. v. Carey, 1972 CanLII 1410 (MB CA), [1973] 2 W.W.R. 267, 10 C.C.C. (2d) 330 at 333 (Man. C.A.).
26 In Fergusson v. R., supra, Taschereau J. (as he then was), delivering the judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada, said at p. 233:
The count must therefore include but not necessarily mention the commission of another offence, but the latter must be a lesser offence than the offence charged. The expression "lesser offence" is a "part of an offence" which is charged, and it must necessarily include some elements of the "major offence" but be lacking in some of the essentials, without which the major offence would be incomplete. (R. v. Louie Yee, 1929 CanLII 267 (AB CA), 24 Alta. L.R. 16, [1929] 1 W.W.R. 882, 51 C.C.C. 405, [1929] 2 D.L.R. 452 (C.A.).
27 The second operative principle governing the meaning of an "included offence" is that the offence charged, either as described in the enactment creating the offence or as charged in the count, must be sufficient to inform the accused of the included offences which he must meet. It will be observed that s-s. (3) (in so far as it empowers the jury on a charge of murder to convict of infanticide), and s-ss. (4) and (5) of s. 589 empower the jury or the Court, as the case may be, in the circumstances mentioned, to convict the accused of certain offences which are not "included offences" within s. 589(1)(a). Where an offence is declared by the statute to be an included offence, the accused is, of course, put on notice that he must meet it.
[55] E. G. Ewaschuck, Criminal Pleadings & Practice in Canada (2nd ed. 1988), contains the following summary of the law related to included offences (16:5050):
An offence is "included" if its elements are embraced in the offence charged (as described in the enactment creating it or as worded in the count) or if it is expressly stated to be an included offence in the Criminal Code itself. A "strict interpretation" of s. 662 of the Criminal Code is linked to the requirement of fair notice of legal jeopardy with the result that what is not "necessarily included" is excluded as an "included offence".
R. v. R. (G.) (2005), 2005 SCC 45 (CanLII), 2005 CarswellQue 5108, 198 C.C.C. (3d) 161 (S.C.C.), at paras. 25-26
An "included offence" is part of the offence charged in the sense that the offence charged, being generally the "greater offence", must contain the essential elements of the offence said to be included. Furthermore, the "description of the offence" as set out in the enactment creating it, or in the "wording of the offence", must generally be sufficient to inform the accused of the "included offence" which he must meet. The issue to be determined is whether the offence as charged may be committed "without committing the so-called 'included offence'". In this sense, the offence charges, the so-called "greater offence", must necessarily include the commission of the lesser and included offence, subject to "statutory exception".
R. v. Beyo (2000), 2000 CanLII 5683 (ON CA), 2000 CarswellOnt 838, 144 C.C.C. (3d) 15 (Ont. C.A.), at paras. 29 and 30
If the Crown can establish some, but not all, of the facts described in the indictment or set out in the statutory definition of the offence, and such "partial proof" satisfies the constituent elements "of a lesser and included offence", the result is not an acquittal but a conviction on the included offence. In this sense, an included offence is one that is made out of bits of the offence charged.
R. v. R. (G.) (2005), 2005 SCC 45 (CanLII), 2005 CarswellQue 5108, 198 C.C.C. (3d) 161 (S.C.C.), at para. 11
In the end, if the particular offence is not "statutorily or necessarily included" in the greater offence, it is necessarily excluded.
R. v. Comeau (2008), 2008 CarswellNB 368, 80 W.C.B. (2d) 850, 2008 NBCA 60, at para. 26
(Emphasis added)
[56] Put conversely, an offence is not included if the offence charged can be committed without committing this other offence. In R. v. R. (G.) (2005), 198 C.C.C. (3d) 161, 2005 SCC 45 (S.C.C.), Binnie J. said, for the majority:
30 In terms of the need for fair notice, "included" offences in the first category can be ascertained from the Criminal Code itself: see, e.g., R. v. Wilmot (1940), 1940 CanLII 32 (SCC), [1941] S.C.R. 53 (S.C.C.). Cases in the second category also meet the test of fair notice because "an indictment charging an offence also charges all offences which as a matter of law are necessarily committed in the commission of the principal offence as described in the enactment creating it" (Harmer and Miller, at p. 19; emphasis added). See also: R. v. Quinton, 1947 CanLII 3 (SCC), [1947] S.C.R. 234 (S.C.C.), at p. 240; R. E. Salhany, Canadian Criminal Procedure (6th ed. (loose-leaf)), at para. 6.4650; R. v. Lucas (1987), 1987 CanLII 497 (QC CA), 34 C.C.C. (3d) 28 (Que. C.A.); R. v. Lépine (1992), 1992 CanLII 3729 (QC CA), [1993] R.J.Q. 88 (Que. C.A.).
31 With respect to the second category, it may be said that "[i]f the whole offence charged can be committed without committing another offence, that other offence is not included" (P. J. Gloin, "Included Offences" (1961-62), 4 Crim. L.Q. 160, at p. 160; emphasis added). This proposition was endorsed by the Manitoba Court of Appeal in R. v. Carey (1972), 1972 CanLII 1410 (MB CA), 10 C.C.C. (2d) 330 (Man. C.A.), at p. 334, per Freedman C.J.M.; by the Ontario Court of Appeal in Simpson (No. 2), at p. 139, per Martin J.A., and by the Quebec Court of Appeal in Colburne, at p. 243, to which Proulx J.A. added:
[TRANSLATION] For my part, I would add that an offence would be included where the essential elements of this offence are part of the offence charged. [Emphasis in original.]
Clearly the offence of incest can be committed without committing sexual assault or sexual interference.
[57] Neither the Crown nor the accused could find a single authority previously determining the issue of whether section 244.2(1)(b) is an included offence in a charge under section 244(1). The accused submits that this lack of authority supports the conclusion that it is not an included offence.
[58] The following table shows a comparison of the elements of the offences:
244(1) | 244.2(1)(b) |
Discharging a firearm | Discharging a firearm |
At a person |
|
With intent to endanger the life of that person | Being reckless as to the life or safety of another person |
[59] While section 244(1) requires specific intent to endanger the life of the person, section 244.2(1)(b) is a general intent offence that requires the accused to be reckless as to the life or safety of another person. Applying the authorities above, it appears clear to me that a person who is guilty of the offence under section 244(1) has also committed the included offence of section 244.2(1)(b). However, where the evidence does not establish a specific intent to endanger life (as I have found here), the included offence of being reckless as to the life or safety of another person can be made out on the evidence.
[60] I am satisfied that the language of the relevant sections of the Code and the language of the Indictment was sufficient to alert the accused to the included offence. I find that an accused being charged with intent to endanger the life of a person by discharging a firearm would be informed that a possible included offence is the intentional discharge of a firearm being reckless as to the life or safety of another person.
[61] I turn now to an examination of the evidence on a charge under section 244.2(1)(b).
[62] The forensic and testimonial evidence clearly established that the accused intentionally discharged the rifle on two occasions into the ceiling and hatch. The accused has admitted the rifle was a firearm as defined by the Code.
[63] Common sense dictates that discharging a firearm in such a manner is reckless by any definition of that term. Reckless means careless of the consequences, heedless, or lacking prudence or caution: R. v. Dickson, 2006 BCCA 490.
[64] The accused knew that Williams was present on the floor above where the rifle was aimed when it was discharged into the ceiling and hatch. In doing so he was careless of the consequence of the bullets hitting Williams directly or by ricochet or Williams being injured by shrapnel.
[65] I find that the Crown has established beyond any reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty of the included offence under 244.2(1)(b).