Ce que constitue de l'aide ou de l'encouragement au sens de l'article 21 Ccr

R. v. Almarales, 2008 ONCA 692

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66]         Section 21(1)(b) applies to aiders. A person is a party to a crime as an aider if that person:

•        Does (or, in the case of a legal duty, omits to do) something that helps the (or a) principal to commit the offence [the conduct requirement]; and

•        Provides the assistance with the intention of helping the (or, a) principal to commit the offence [the fault requirement].

R. v. Maciel (2007), 2007 ONCA 196 (CanLII), 219 C.C.C. (3d) 516 (Ont. C.A.) at para. 86, leave to appeal to S.C.C. refused (2007), 220 C.C.C. (3d) vi; R. v. Hibbert, 1995 CanLII 110 (SCC), [1995] 2 S.C.R. 973, 99 C.C.C. (3d) 193 at paras. 36-37.

[67]         Section 21(1)(c) governs abettors. Despite its use of the verb “abets”, rather than the more expansive “does or omits to do anything for the purpose of abetting”, abetting includes conduct and fault elements similar to those of aiding. A person is a party to a crime as an abettor if that person:

•        Says or does something that encourages the (or, a) principal to commit the offence [the conduct requirement]; and

•        Offers the encouragement by words or conduct with the intention of encouraging the (or, a) principal to commit the offence [the fault requirement].

R. v. Helsdon (2007), 2007 ONCA 54 (CanLII), 216 C.C.C. (3d) 1 (Ont. C.A.) at paras. 43-44.