R. v. Bennett, 2006 CanLII 31012 (NL PC)
THE ELEMENT OF CONSENT IN THE OFFENCE OF ASSAULT
[37] When an accused person is charged with the offence of assault, the Crown must prove that the complainant did not consent to being touched. This is a subjective test (see Ewanchuk, at paragraphs 25 to 30). The Crown must also prove that the accused knew that there was a lack of consent or was reckless or wilfully blind to its absence (see R. v. Williams, 2003 SCC 41 (CanLII), [2003] 2 S.C.R. 134, at paragraphs 22 and 36).
MISTAKE OF FACT
[38] If the Crown can prove a lack of consent, the accused may still argue that he or she had an honest, but mistaken belief that the person touched was consenting. In Ewanchuk, the nature of this defence was described as follows (at paragraphs 43 and 44):
The accused may challenge the Crown's evidence of mens rea by asserting an honest but mistaken belief in consent. The nature of this defence was described in Pappajohn v. The Queen, 1980 CanLII 13 (SCC), [1980] 2 S.C.R. 120 at p. 148, 52 C.C.C. (2d) 481, 111 D.L.R. (3d) 1, by Dickson J. (as he then was) (dissenting in the result): Mistake is a defence . . . where it prevents an accused from having the mens rea which the law requires for the very crime with which he is charged. Mistake of fact is more accurately seen as a negation of guilty intention than as the affirmation of a positive defence. It avails an accused who acts innocently, pursuant to a flawed perception of the facts, and nonetheless commits the actus reus of the offence. Mistake is a defence though, in the sense that it is raised as an issue by an accused. The Crown is rarely possessed of knowledge of the subjective factors which may have caused an accused to entertain a belief in a fallacious set of facts.
The defence of mistake is simply a denial of mens rea. It does not impose any burden of proof upon the accused (see R. v. Robertson, 1987 CanLII 61 (SCC), [1987] 1 S.C.R. 918 at p. 936, 33 C.C.C. (3d) 481, 39 D.L.R. (4th) 321), and it is not necessary for the accused to testify in order to raise the issue…
[39] In determining if an accused person had an honest belief that consent existed, section 265(4) of the Criminal Code indicates the Court must consider the “presence or absence of reasonable grounds for that belief”:
Where an accused alleges that he believed that the complainant consented to the conduct that is the subject-matter of the charge, a judge, if satisfied that there is sufficient evidence and that, if believed by the jury, the evidence would constitute a defence, shall instruct the jury, when reviewing all the evidence relating to the determination of the honesty of the accused’s belief, to consider the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for that belief.
[40] Finally, to constitute an honest mistake, the accused's belief cannot be a reckless or willfully blind one (Ewanchuk, at paragraph 65).
WHAT IS IMPLIED CONSENT?
[41] As has been seen, the mere touching of another person without their consent can constitute an assault. The manner in which the offence of assault has been defined in Canada is such that it does not require proof of any level of harm having occurred or having been intended. The Crown does not have to prove any intent beyond the intent to touch another person without their consent. Hostility is not a component of the Canadian definition of assault.[5] As a result, the present definition of assault in Canadian law has the potential to criminalize very trivial behaviour.[6] This potential harshness is tempered by allowing for contact to occur, without criminal liability, when it occurs between individuals in situations in which the existence of consent is implied.[7] This aspect of the law of assault was explained by Smith and Hogan, in the context of their examination of the concept of violence in the common law offence of battery, as follows:
Violence here includes the smallest degree of personal contact – a mere touching without consent is enough. But there is an implied consent to that degree of contact which is necessary or customary in everyday usage. In Tuberville v. Savage it was said that it is no assault to strike another on the hand, arm or breast in ordinary discourse. Touching another to attract his attention is not a battery even if, as in Coward v. Baddeley, P has already told D to go away and mind his own business…[8]
[42] Fletcher describes implied consent as an inevitable component of “group living”:
It is difficult to argue that touching per se is incriminating. In some societies, all forms of human contact might be regarded as trespassing on the domain of another, but we regularly accept a gentle hand on the shoulder as both the price and the benefit of group living. Sexual
contact is obviously different…[9]
[43] In Collins v Wilcock, [1984] 3 All ER 374 (Q.B.), it was pointed out, at page 378, that it “has long been established that any touching of another person, however slight, may amount to a battery.” It was said that this principle is based upon the premise that “every person’s body is inviolate.” As regards the doctrine of implied consent, the Court suggested that rather than attempting to label certain contact as falling within the scope of such a doctrine it is preferable to view such contact as examples of a “general exception” to the requirement for explicit consent (at page 378):
…Generally speaking, consent is a defence to a battery; and most of the physical contacts of ordinary life are not actionable because they are impliedly consented to by all who move in society and so expose themselves to the risk of bodily contact. So nobody can complain of the jostling which is inevitable from his presence in, for example, a supermarket, an underground station or a busy street; nor can a person who attends a party complain if his hand is seized in friendship, or even if his back is (within reason) slapped (see Tuberville v. Savage (1669), 1 Mod Rep 3, 86 ER 684). Although such cases are regarded as examples of implied consent, it is more common nowadays to treat them as falling within a general exception embracing all physical contact which is generally acceptable in the ordinary conduct of daily life....
…In each case, the test must be whether the physical contact so persisted in has in the circumstances gone beyond generally acceptable standards of conduct; and the answer to that question will depend on the facts of the particular case.
[44] In applying the doctrine of implied consent, its inherent limitations must be clearly recognized. We exist in a society in which personal choice as regards the type and manner of contact we have with other people is virtually sacrosanct. In R. v. Ogg-Moss, 1984 CanLII 77 (SCC), [1984] 2 S.C.R. 173, for instance, it was held that one “of the key rights in our society is the individual's right to be free from unconsented invasions on his or her physical security or dignity and it is a central purpose of the criminal law to protect members of society from such invasions.” Similarly, the Supreme Court of Canada in Ewanchuk pointed out that the right to “physical integrity is a fundamental principle” which the “criminalization of assault” seeks to protect and assert:
…Society is committed to protecting the personal integrity, both physical and psychological, of every individual. Having control over who touches one's body, and how, lies at the core of human dignity and autonomy. The inclusion of assault and sexual assault in the Code expresses society's determination to protect the security of the person from any non-consensual contact or threats of force. The common law has recognized for centuries that the individual's right to physical integrity is a fundamental principle, "every man's person being sacred, and no other having a right to meddle with it in any the slightest manner": see Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4th ed. (1770), Book III, at p. 120. It follows that any intentional but unwanted touching is criminal.[10]
[45] Though most of us accept that a certain degree of contact with other people will occur in our everyday lives, we expect such contact or touching to be limited, contextually appropriate and consistent with the rationale for our consent to it being implied. As pointed out by the Ontario Court of Appeal in R. v. E.(A.) (2000), 2000 CanLII 16823 (ON CA), 146 C.C.C. (3d) 449, at paragraph 33, implied consent, is “a creature of public policy” and thus, it must “be strictly limited to conduct which is consistent with the purpose and rationale underlying the policy basis for the consent…Otherwise, the positive social value of deemed consent loses its rationale.”[11] As a result, for the doctrine of implied consent to operate, the touching must fall within the scope of the type of touching which our customary norms of social interaction deem to be consensual. This is an objective standard (see R. v. Cey (1989), 1989 CanLII 283 (SK CA), 48 C.C.C. (3d) 480 (Sask. C.A.), at page 490).