R v Ryon, 2019 ABCA 36
[48] In my opinion the terse three-prong W(D) instruction should be modified to meet the concerns identified above. I propose the following, mindful that the actual instruction will need to be contextual and responsive to the evidence.
[49] It may be prudent to begin by identifying, either generally or specifically, the evidence to which the instruction is to apply. As discussed, to say the instruction applies to “the evidence (or testimony) of the accused” will be inaccurate if it excludes other exculpatory evidence from the scope of the instruction. Juries need to understand:
i. that the instruction applies only to exculpatory evidence, that is, to evidence that either negates an element of the offence or establishes a defence (other than a reverse onus defence);
ii. that it applies to exculpatory evidence whether presented by the Crown or the accused.
[50] While in some cases it may be enough to explain these points in general terms, the trial judge will need to decide whether juries should be left to identify for themselves the actual evidence to which the instruction applies. If there is risk of misunderstanding it would be better to refer to all of the relevant evidence.
[51] Then the charge should impart the following information:
(i) The burden of proof is on the Crown to establish the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and that burden remains on the Crown so that the accused person is never required to prove his innocence, or disprove any of the evidence led by the Crown. (Subject to the caveat that this does not apply to defences, such as that found in s 16 of the Criminal Code, where the onus rests with the proponent of the defence.)
(ii) In that context, if the jury believes the accused’s evidence denying guilt (or any other exculpatory evidence to that effect), or if they are not confident they can accept the Crown’s version of events, they must acquit. (Subject to defences with additional elements such as an objective component discussed at para 31).
(iii) While the jury should attempt to resolve conflicting evidence bearing on the guilt or innocence of the accused, a trial is not a credibility contest requiring them to decide that one of the conflicting versions is true. If, after careful consideration of all the evidence, the jury is unable to decide whom to believe, they must acquit.
(iv) Even if the jury completely rejects the accused’s evidence (or where applicable, other exculpatory evidence), they may not simply assume the Crown’s version of events must be true. Rather, they must carefully assess the evidence they do believe and decide whether that evidence persuades them beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. Mere rejection of the accused’s evidence (or where applicable, other exculpatory evidence) cannot be taken as proof of the accused’s guilt.
[52] Finally, where there are included offences or multiple charges, the trial judge must ensure the jury understands that a reasonable doubt with regard to one offence will not necessarily entitle the accused to an acquittal on all charges.
[53] Like W(D), the foregoing is not intended to be an incantation that must be included in every trial where there is conflicting evidence to be resolved. Ultimately, the wording used is not critical so long as the trier is given sufficient information to understand the correct burden and standard of proof to apply: W(D) at para 30. See also R v. Kristensen, 2010 ABCA 37.
[54] However, reciting and relying solely on the wording of W(D), without elaboration, will not usually be sufficient in a jury trial. That portion of the charge must be responsive to the evidence and explained in such a manner that the jury is able to understand the message intended to be conveyed.