R v Eddy, 2016 ABQB 42
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[42] More recently, in R v Villaroman, Yamauchi J concluded that no Charter breach can ever flow from the Crown’s conduct in relation to Criminal Code, ss 489.1-490. R v Villaroman has subsequently been adopted in R v Croft, at para 119-127, and R v Balla, 2014 ABQB 127, at para 71-75, 583 AR 79 (Yamauchi J). The Crown correctly observed that the Ontario Court of Appeal, in R v Garcia-Machado, 2015 ONCA 569, has come to the conclusion that is arguably different from R v Villaroman, and that a Charter breach can emerge from ss 489.1-490. I prefer the analysis of Justice Yamauchi in R v Villaroman, and agree that Ms. Eddy’s remedy was to exercise her rights under Criminal Code, s 490(7) and 490(8) to seek return of any seized property. I note that, in fact, she did attempt to challenge the detention of property at a January 24, 2011 Criminal Code, s 490 hearing before Kirby PCJ, so this is not some theoretical right but rather that one she attempted to exercise and that was rejected after judicial consideration.
[43] This is the first basis on which I reject Ms. Eddy’s arguments concerning the allegedly illegal retention of seized evidence.
b. Ms. Eddy Cannot Deny Crown Possession of Copies of the Disputed Evidence
[44] A second independent basis on which I reject Ms. Eddy’s argument concerning unlawful detention of her materials is that the Criminal Code, s 489.1-490 procedures operationally distinguish between ‘informational’ (such as documents and computer records) and ‘material’ (such as a bloody knife, money, or contraband drugs) evidence. This is not stated explicitly in the Criminal Code, but rather is a conclusion that emerges by implication from Criminal Code, ss 490(13)-490(14), which, I note, applies to documents only:
490(13) The Attorney General, the prosecutor or the peace officer or other person having custody of a document seized may, before bringing it before a justice or complying with an order that the document be returned, forfeited or otherwise dealt with under subsection (1), (9) or (11), make or cause to be made, and may retain, a copy of the document.
(14) Every copy made under subsection (13) that is certified as a true copy by the Attorney General, the person who made the copy or the person in whose presence the copy was made is admissible in evidence and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, has the same probative force as the original document would have if it had been proved in the ordinary way. [Emphasis added.]
[45] The effect of these provisions is that, even if Ms. Eddy’s document-based evidence was returned via the s 490 procedures, the Crown is both entitled to make and keep copies, and those copies are deemed as having the same effect as originals. This makes plain Parliament’s intention when it comes to the return of seized documents - s 490 is not intended to deny access by the Crown to the information seized, but rather to provide a mechanism so that materials (in this case documents) that are no longer directly necessary (as originals) may be returned to their owners.
[46] I conclude the same is true for both ‘hardcopy’ and ‘electronic’ data. This conclusion collapses Ms. Eddy’s arguments that a s 8 Charter breach may result from the Crown’s continued holding of seized information beyond what is permitted under Criminal Code, ss 489.1-490. At most Ms. Eddy could obtain return of the original electronic and physical documents. She could never demand return or destruction of copies. If lawfully seized, those are permanently in Charter-compliant custody of the Crown.
[47] I am not the first Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench justice to evaluate this issue. Dea J in R v Cartier, at para 18, concluded:
Section 490 is clear. Its purpose is to ensure that what was seized be returned if further detention is not allowed. By allowing copies to be made (s. 490(13)) and in giving those copies the probative force of the originals (s. 490(14)) the section advances its aim of allowing a return of the "things seized" without emasculating legitimate police investigation of crime. [Emphasis added.]
He subsequently concluded that Criminal Code, ss 490(13-14) are Charter compliant by how they permit the Crown to retain copies of seized documents: para 24.
[48] Justice Dea’s conclusion was subsequently followed in: Bleet v Canada (Attorney General), R v Black at paras 20-21, R v Bromley, and Lemare Lake Logging Ltd v British Columbia (Minister of Forests and Range), at para 33. As well, ‘downstream’ use of Crown copies was permitted in R v Ritter, 2004 ABQB 332, 359 AR 89 (Hillier J).
[49] This is a second independent basis on which I reject Ms. Eddy’s 489.1-490 arguments. Once informational evidence (electronic or hardcopy) was obtained with a valid search warrant Ms. Eddy has no Charter right to interfere with the Crown’s possession or use of copies of that evidence. Even if she had been entitled to return of the original informational evidence, taken from her residence, Ms. Eddy could not have stymied the Crown’s ability to use copies of the seized information as a basis for searches, further investigation, or in its impending criminal trial.
[50] I note this explains why the analysis in R v Garcia-Machado does not apply to Ms. Eddy’s argument. The seizure in R v Garcia-Machado is of a very different kind: a sample of blood, rather than documentation. It could not be ‘copied’. With seized material, like blood, the Crown may be obliged ‘to either use it or lose it’ (a material item), but that is not the issue here.
c. Failure to Prove Reports Were Late
[51] Third, I agree with the Crown that the requirement in Criminal Code, s 489.1 that a report to a justice be made “as soon as is practicable” cannot be a fixed, simple seven day deadline such as what Ms. Eddy has proposed. Instead, it is what is “practicable”, a contextual question.
[52] Some alleged crimes are simple. Others are not. Eddy’s proposed scheme isolates the s 489.1 process from the reality of law enforcement investigation. A search warrant of a mail parcel that discovers cocaine is a comparatively simple investigation to report. A short deadline would then be “practicable”. The discovery of a complex crime scene with much potential evidence and many seizures will require more “practicable” time to generate a report. Similarly, I conclude that the character of an investigation and the workload of the investigators is relevant. It would be absurd that a criminal could argue that a seizure of a firearm used in a crime was not reported on a “practicable” timeline because the investigator who seized that firearm was involved in an active investigation of a dangerous wanted criminal. Sometimes law enforcement time is better spent outside an office, rather than in it, filling forms. If Parliament had meant “as soon as possible” it would have said so. “Practicable” necessitates context.
[53] That was the conclusion of the Paciocco J in R v Butters, 2014 ONCJ 228, 311 CCC (3d) 516, affirmed 2015 ONCA 783. The issue at trial was whether court determination of a s 489.1 report was illegally delayed required evidence from the officer who prepared the s 489.1 report to evaluate ‘practibility’. The Court concluded intent was irrelevant. What mattered was the facts about the matter, and that included the schedule of the investigator and that a proper report requires time “... to complete the analysis of the evidence before the reports could be completed.”: para 57.
[54] I note that in R v Butters “analysis” of the seized property was necessary before a proper report could be generated. This makes sense. Ms. Eddy’s claim that simple possession starts the timeline to generate a s 489.1 report is wrong - and that is only logical because it is very important that the content of the report to justice meaningfully inform on what was seized. For example, a report that disclosed the seizure of an unknown white powder tells the court little. A seizure of cocaine, identified after the time for analysis, is different matter entirely.
[55] Since Ms. Eddy has the onus to establish whether or not a s 489.1 report was made “as soon as practicable”, and since she has not provided evidence of the CRA investigators workloads, schedules, or information on the complexity of what was seized, I conclude she did not establish, on a balance of probabilities, that any s 489.1 report was not made “as soon as practicable”. While I do not find that she has a s 8 Charter right in any case, the fact that she has not established a factual foundation for her argument is another reason I reject her proposed Charter breach claim.
[112] The most favourable case cited by Ms. Eddy on this point, R v Garcia-Machado, provides no benefit for two reasons. First, I, along with other Alberta court authorities, have rejected its reasoning. Second, R v Garcia-Machado concludes a Charter breach may occur where a Crown agent fails to report to a justice as required by Criminal Code, s 489.1, or in other words this addresses the initial seizure of property stage of the evidence collection process. That is different from the s 490 breach alleged by Ms. Eddy.