R. v. Maric, 2024 ONCA 665
[131] Section 185(1)(e) similarly requires that the affidavit in support of an authorization specify “the names, addresses and occupations, if known, of all persons, the interception of whose private communications there are reasonable grounds to believe may assist the investigation of the offence”.
[132] As this court held in R. v. Hafizi, 2023 ONCA 639, 168 O.R. (3d) 435, at paras. 59, 60 and 103, leave to appeal refused, [2023] S.C.C.A. No. 500, the threshold for naming a known person in a wiretap authorization is a “modest” or “low one”. And, as the Supreme Court held in R. v. Chesson, 1988 CanLII 54 (SCC), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 148, at p. 164, the test for naming a person at the application stage and the test for naming a person in the authorization are the same: See also Hafizi, at para. 83. As the Supreme Court explained in Chesson, again at p. 164, if the existence of a person is known, and if there are reasonable grounds to believe that interception of their private communications may assist the investigation, that person must be named in both the ITO and the authorization:
How is it to be decided whether a particular person is known or unknown for the purposes of Pt. [VI] of the Code? In my opinion, the answer to this question is to be found in Pt. [VI] itself. The starting point is [s. 185(1)(e)] of the Code, which sets out the two pre-conditions to be met before a person may be lawfully identified and named in an authorization and thus be a known person. The first and most obvious condition is that the existence of that person must be known to the police. Second, and equally important, however, is the additional requirement that the person satisfy the standard of being one “the interception of whose private communications there are reasonable grounds to believe may assist the investigation of the offence”. If at the time the police apply for a judicial authorization a person meets both these criteria, he will be a known person and therefore, if the interceptions of his communications are to be admitted against him, he must be named in the authorization as a target for interception. If he is not named his interceptions are not receivable, since there is no authority to make them. A “known” person, then, for the purposes of Pt. IV.1 of the Code is one who satisfied the two criteria in s. 178.12(1)(e). [Emphasis added].
[133] It is important to emphasize that the police are required, by statute, to identify all those whose existence they are aware of, even if they do not know their proper or full names: R. v. Chung (2008), 2008 CanLII 12705 (ON SC), 231 C.C.C. (3d) 484 (Ont. S.C.), at para. 41; Singh v. United States of America, 2010 ONSC 4332, at para. 32; R. v. Degady, [1996] O.J. No. 2011, (Ont. Gen. Div.), at paras. 14-20, 31-34, aff’d, [2001] O.J. No. 3429 (Ont. C.A). In such cases the common practice would be to, as the affiant did here, use various known descriptors and information in order to identify the known person as best they can.
[134] Mr. Maric argues, pursuant to this court’s decision in R. v. Mahal, 2012 ONCA 673, 113 O.R. (3d) 209, at paras. 70-71, leave to appeal refused, [2012] S.C.C.A. No. 496, that investigators must know the identity of the person in order for them to be named as a “known” person. While investigators must identify “known” persons, this does not mean a person cannot be identified without a full or legal name. Rather, identity can be established on the basis of other factors or combination of factors, such as a nickname, physical description, or other indicators: See Singh, at para. 32; Chung, at para. 41; Degady, at para. 37. And, just because the affiant here did not know as much about “Marco” as he did about others whose private communications may be intercepted does not mean “Marco” was not “known”. Otherwise, the police would never be able to target for interception a person whose name they did not know, frustrating law enforcement’s ability to use this investigative tool: Degady, at paras. 35-37.
[135] We see no error in the application judge’s conclusion that the issuing justice could have issued the initial authorization naming, as a known person, “a male known as ‘Marco’ described as Serbian” from London, Ontario. “Marco’s” existence was known, and he met the “may assist” threshold, which meant the affiant had no choice but to name him in the authorization: Hafizi, at para. 37.
[136] What Mr. Maric is effectively asking us to do is reformulate the applicable test by reading into the Criminal Code’s provisions a requirement that core biographical information be known and included in the ITO before someone can be identified in an authorization. There is no need or basis on which to do this.
[137] The question for us is whether there was some reliable information upon which the issuing justice could have concluded that “Marco” existed: Chesson, at pp. 365-66. And, as the application judge found, after considering the Debot factors, the information concerning “Marco” was compelling, credible and corroborated.
[138] Mr. Maric argues further that objectively, the police did not have reasonable grounds to believe that he was “Marco”, and therefore could not have used the Resort To Clause in para. 5(m) of the Initial Wiretap. To start, the application judge found as a fact that CHS #1 identified Mr. Maric by photograph. There is no reason to interfere with this finding of fact, which is due a high degree of deference: Housen v. Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 262, at para. 10.
[139] Mr. Maric is wrong to suggest that the test for identification is correctness. This, in our view, is an impossibly high standard. The appropriate standard is reasonable grounds to believe, which the application judge found was met: Consider Hafizi, at paras. 121-23. Given CHS #1’s information concerning “Marco”, the fact “Marco” was a large scale purchaser of drugs from Kevin Er, and CHS #1’s post-authorization identification of Mr. Maric via photograph, the police were entitled to rely on the Resort To Clause. That is to say, the police had reasonable grounds to believe that “Marco” was Marko Maric.
(b) The application judge did not reverse the burden in relation to the question of whether the police could have properly targeted Mr. Maric as a person named in the initial wiretap
[140] Mr. Maric argues that the application judge effectively required him to prove that the police did not hold a reasonable belief that “Marco” was Mr. Maric. We disagree. As discussed, the application judge accepted that, post authorization, CHS #1 viewed a photograph of Mr. Maric and identified him as “Marco”, which was to reject Mr. Maric’s argument that the police had fabricated this evidence. In other words, as opposed to reversing the burden of proof on the Garofoli application, the application judge simply found that Mr. Maric had not established the fraud or misrepresentation he had alleged.
[141] As the application judge did not reverse the burden of proof, we would reject this ground of appeal.