R. v. Black, 2011 ABCA 349
[41] Before considering the relevance of the logs relating to the calibration of ASDs, it is useful to describe the role these devices play in the investigation of criminal offences relating to impaired driving. Essentially there are two main offences that are potentially at play when a person drives after having consumed alcohol. The first is impaired driving simpliciter under s. 253(1)(a) of the Criminal Code. ASDs play a limited role with respect to this offence, which is proved by the Crown showing that the person charged with this offence drove while his ability to drive was impaired as a result of consuming alcohol. To obtain a conviction the Crown will normally attempt to demonstrate that a series of factors point to impairment by alcohol; these will often include the driving pattern demonstrated by the accused person, the smell of alcohol on the breath of the accused, bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, inability to perform simple physical tasks like locating driving documents, and may include a fail result reported by an ASD.
[42] The second main driving under the influence of alcohol offence is driving with a blood alcohol concentration in excess of .08 under s. 253(1)(b) of the Criminal Code. This offence requires the Crown to prove that an investigating police officer had reasonable and probable grounds to conclude that a person was driving while impaired by alcohol. The assessment of the reasonable and probable grounds involves both a subjective and an objective element. The officer must personally believe the person drove while impaired, and his grounds for arriving at this conclusion must be such that an objective observer would reach the same conclusion: R v Bernshaw, 1995 CanLII 150 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 254 at para 48.
[43] The accuracy of the officer’s beliefs does not affect their reasonableness. Even if the belief is drawn from “hearsay” (for example, a pattern of driving not witnessed by the officer but based on a description given to him by a witness), incomplete sources, or assumptions that are incorrect based on facts that emerge later, it may still be objectively reasonable as what is measured are the facts as understood by the peace officer when the belief was formed: R v Musurichan (1990), 1990 CanLII 11054 (QC CA), 107 AR 102 at para 10 (CA). Evidence that arises after the formation of the officer’s belief is not relevant to the determination of whether that belief was based on reasonable and probable grounds: R v McClelland (1995), 1995 ABCA 199 (CanLII), 165 AR 332 at para 22 (CA). Objective reasonableness of the grounds is determined by the court asking “whether the facts as the police constable saw them (the subjective aspect of the test) could objectively constitute reasonable grounds”: R v Hutton (1990), 1990 ABCA 106 (CanLII), 106 AR 116 at para 8 (CA).
[44] The ASD’s role in establishing an over .08 offence is that it provides officers with the means to gain the reasonable and probable grounds necessary to demand a breathalyzer test. If the officer reasonably suspects that a motorist has alcohol in his or her body, the officer may demand that the motorist provide a breath sample into an ASD: Criminal Code, s. 254(2)(b). A fail result on a properly conducted ASD test constitutes reasonable and probable grounds to demand a breathalyzer test: Bernshaw at para 49. There is no requirement that the ASD be proven to be working properly: R v Arthurs (1981), 1981 CanLII 2190 (SK CA), 12 Sask R 95, 63 CCC (2d) 572 (CA); R v Yurechuk (1983), 1982 ABCA 341 (CanLII), 42 AR 176, 23 Alta LR (2d) 136 (CA). So long as the ASD has been approved under the statutory scheme, the officer can reasonably and honestly rely on its accuracy unless there is evidence that the officer knew or believed that it was not working properly: Bernshaw at para 80.