R. v. Schafer, 2020 YKCA 3
[41] As the appellant points out, the Court observed that the firearm prohibition application was not directly analogous to other hearings including peace bond hearings (see page 1385) and the evidentiary requirements under those hearings was not determinative of the issue before the Court. Nonetheless, the discussion of the Court is instructive, and a number of points are relevant to the assessment of this appeal.
[42] First, Justice Sopinka found that the nature of the judge’s role on a prohibition hearing suggests that the rules of evidence were not intended to strictly apply. He said, at 1385:
Section 98(4) enables a peace officer acting on reasonable grounds to apply to the provincial court judge for an order prohibiting a particular person from possessing a firearm. Clearly, the peace officer is not required to act solely on the basis of evidence that would be admissible at a trial (see Eccles v. Bourque, 1974 CanLII 191 (SCC), [1975] 2 S.C.R. 739, at p. 745; R. v. Collins, 1987 CanLII 84 (SCC), [1987] 1 S.C.R. 265, at p. 279). At the hearing of the application pursuant to s. 98(6), the provincial court judge must be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that it is not desirable in the interests of the safety of the person or of others that the subject of the prohibition application should possess a firearm. The provincial court judge thus confirms the existence of the reasonable grounds which led the peace officer to launch the application. In my opinion, it was not intended that the provincial court judge strictly apply the rules of evidence. The provincial court judge must simply be satisfied that the peace officer had reasonable grounds to believe as he or she did: in other words, that there is an objective basis for the reasonable grounds on which the peace officer acted. [Emphasis added.]
[43] In my opinion, these considerations apply with force to the issue before us. The informant (whether a peace officer or a person concerned about personal safety) is not required to act on the basis of evidence admissible at trial. The issue for the judge is whether there are reasonable grounds for the subjective fear, not whether the facts underlying that fear can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In these circumstances, Parliament cannot be taken to have intended that the judge strictly apply the rules of evidence. This latter point is reinforced by noting that the test for granting a peace bond is no different if the application is made by a person concerned about personal safety. It would defeat the purpose of the provisions if such a person could not rely on hearsay evidence to justify a reasonable fear of harm, but could only secure the protection of a peace bond on strictly admissible evidence.
[44] Second, Justice Sopinka found that the fact that the burden of proof on a prohibition hearing was not proof beyond a reasonable doubt, but only proof on a balance of probabilities, suggested that the hearing was not intended to be conducted in the manner of a criminal trial even though the proceedings arose under the Criminal Code: at 1385–86.
[45] For these reasons, Justice Sopinka was “prepared to hold that hearsay evidence is admissible at a firearm prohibition hearing under s. 98(6) [now s. 111] unless such a result is precluded by the words ‘all relevant evidence’.”: at 1386. He found that “all relevant evidence” meant “all facts which are logically probative of the issue”, and that the phrase did not address the question of exclusionary rules. He added:
The effect of the exclusionary rules is left to the provincial court judge as part of the whole body of evidence on which the provincial court judge determines whether he or she is satisfied that the reasonable grounds exist. Frailties in the evidence are a matter of weight. In the case at bar, for example, the judge should properly consider what weight, if any, is to be given to the hearsay evidence. In doing so the judge should take into account the explanation, if any, for not making the best evidence available. The Crown bears the burden of proof at a s. 98(6) hearing and… in considering its weight, the judge must scrutinize the evidence to ensure that it is credible and trustworthy.
[46] Much can taken from the analysis in Zeolkowski that bears on a peace bond hearing. A peace bond hearing is also not a criminal trial. The Supreme Court of Canada recently described a peace bond hearing as resembling “to a certain extent a civil injunction”, given that a peace bond is an instrument of preventive justice and “based on the reasonable fear of the informant, rather than the guilt of the defendant.”: R. v. Penunsi, 2019 SCC 39at para. 61.
[47] An informant in a peace bond hearing is not required to act solely on the basis of evidence admissible at a trial; it is sufficient to do so on the basis of evidence establishing reasonable grounds. A judge must be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for the informant’s fear. The role of the judge is to assess whether the grounds tendered in support of the stated fear are objectively reasonable and sufficient to justify the imposition of a recognizance with terms and conditions. In my view, hearsay evidence that is credible and trustworthy is relevant to that question.
[48] Hearsay evidence is admissible, if it is probative of the existence of reasonable grounds, unless the section evinces an intention to exclude it. Just as the phrase “all relevant evidence” does not exclude relevant hearsay evidence, the use of the phrase “evidence adduced” does not evince an intention to exclude it. Finally, it is for the judge to assess the weight of the evidence and its frailties including any explanation provided for not making the best evidence available.
[49] It is important to emphasize that the hearsay evidence should be in a form that allows a judge to assess whether it is credible and trustworthy. I do not think such evidence is presumptively inadmissible given the test to meet before a peace bond is ordered. Whether the subjective belief is objectively reasonable, based on credible and trustworthy evidence, is a matter that falls to be decided by the hearing judge, weighing the evidence.
[50] The applicable standard of proof on a peace bond hearing is also not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, under s. 810.2(3), a judge must be “satisfied by the evidence adduced that the informant has reasonable grounds for the fear.” This statutory language has been viewed as importing a burden of proof on a balance of probabilities: see Haydock v. Baker, 2001 YKTC 502 at para. 17; R. v. Budreo (1996), 1996 CanLII 11800 (ON SC), 104 C.C.C. (3d) 245 (Ont. Ct. Gen. Div.) at para. 23 [Budreo S.C.]; Vachon v. Hartland, 2018 YKSC 23 at para. 19.
[51] In this case, as noted, the trial judge expressed concern about the sufficiency of the evidence before her. In assessing the evidence, she considered the hearsay evidence alongside the fact that no objection was taken to it, it was not contested, the appellant’s own evidence confirmed the reasonableness of the evidence, and that the live issue was whether the appellant was a changed person who no longer posed the risk reasonably supported by the hearsay evidence. In my view, the judge committed no error in this assessment. Nothing in these reasons should be taken as endorsing the proposition that the peace officer’s evidence, presented in the manner it was here, will always lay a sufficient basis to justify a reasonable fear. Whether it does so is a matter of weight for a trial judge, and is to be assessed robustly given the interests at stake.
[52] In my view, the admissibility of hearsay evidence in this case is consistent with the rules of admissibility in other circumstances involving reasonable grounds and/or a more relaxed approach to the rules of evidence. These include bail hearings (although the test is different), applications for search warrants, wiretap authorizations, and applications for firearms prohibitions. As explained above, Zeolkowski is an example.
[53] I also agree with the opinion of the summary conviction appeal judge that the recognition of the admissibility of hearsay evidence in Budreo C.A. can not be lightly set aside as obiter dicta. The relevant statement in Budreo C.A. is:
[52] Moreover, although an informant's fear triggers an application under s. 810.1, under s-s. (3) a recognizance order can only be made if the presiding judge is satisfied by "evidence" that the fear is reasonably based. Section 810.1(3) therefore requires the judge to come to his or her own conclusion about the likelihood that the defendant will commit one of the offences listed in s-s (1). Although the "evidence" the judge relies on might include hearsay, a recognizance could only be ordered on evidence that is credible and trustworthy.
[54] This comment was made in the context of assessing the constitutionality of s. 810.1. Given the issues at stake in the constitutional challenge, the scope and nature of the contemplated hearing, the procedural safeguards and basis (including the evidentiary foundations) on which a peace bond could be ordered are all important factors informing the analysis. The observation that the evidence a judge relies on might include hearsay is not incidental to the outcome of the case. At the very least, the comment is highly persuasive. I note too that this conclusion did not attract any adverse comment in the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Penunsi.
[55] This conclusion is also supported by the purposes and objects of peace bonds as they have been explained in Penunsi. The issue in that case was the application of the provisions relating to judicial interim release to the peace bond process. Nonetheless, the Court’s reasoning illustrates the purpose and object of the peace bond regime in a manner that informs the necessary statutory interpretation. Of particular importance is the Court’s affirmation that peace bonds are instruments of preventive justice, not penal justice.
[56] After describing the origin of common law peace bonds, the Court charted the development of the peace bond within the Criminal Code. The Court recognized that the process involved in ordering peace bonds had become more procedurally robust. The underlying rationale remained however, at para. 38:
[38] Then J. in Budreo S.C. stated the policy rationale behind peace bonds:
. . . where the reasonably certain commission of an offence can be prevented, it may be in the interest of the likely offender, his potential victim and of society to prevent the offence. This is particularly true when the preventive measures employed are less restrictive than the punishment that might flow from a conviction. [p. 372]
[57] At para. 50 the Court recognized that a peace bond defendant is not in the same place as an accused person. At para. 53 the Court accepted that a defendant to a peace bond proceeding is of an entirely different character to a defendant to a criminal charge. These comments reinforce the relevance of the approach in Zeolkowski to the current case.
[58] The court recognized at para. 60 that the interpretation of the peace bond provisions is informed by the context and purpose of peace bonds, and the competing interests of protecting public safety and safeguarding the liberty of the defendant who is not accused of any criminal offence. At paras. 61, 63 and 80, the court said:
[61] As discussed above, the peace bond is an instrument of preventive justice, based on the reasonable fear of the informant, rather than the guilt of the defendant. I agree with the respondent that though it is a valid expression of the criminal law power, the peace bond resembles to a certain extent a civil injunction (R.F., at para. 8). As noted by de Villiers Prov. Ct. J. in R. v. Gill, [1991] B.C.J. No. 3255 (QL):
It is true that the effect of a recognizance is to restrict the liberty of the defendant somewhat, but, as in the case of a civil injunction that restrains a defendant from committing a tort, that may also be a crime, the recognizance is not in its essence a restriction of lawful activity. [p. 6]
…
[63] When exercising the discretion whether to hold a hearing, the justice must consider whether the fear sworn to in the Information is reasonably held. It was raised before this Court that the peace bond under s. 810.2 is a “tool . . . often used when an offender is nearing their warrant expiry”, or shortly after an individual has completed a custodial sentence, as was the case with Mr. Penunsi himself (I.F., Attorney General of Ontario, at para. 13; see also R. v. Schafer, 2018 YKTC 12, at paras. 38-39). Initiating a s. 810.2 peace bond proceeding upon a person’s release from prison risks a further deprivation of liberty after the completion of a sentence already determined to be proportionate. Without further evidence that the feared conduct will occur (for example, the existence of threats or other violent conduct while in custody) a fear based solely on the offence for which a defendant is serving a sentence will not be sufficient. A s. 810.2 peace bond ordered on that basis alone would be improper. It would serve as a de facto probation order, not as a prospective tool of preventative justice.
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[80] Practically speaking, the interim conditions regarding public safety placed on a peace bond defendant will likely form the basis for the recognizance following a meritorious peace bond application. These conditions will address, inter alia, concerns regarding the safety of the person whose protection is the objective of the peace bond. Judges should be mindful that a breach of interim conditions will result in a peace bond defendant — not accused of any crime — becoming subject to a criminal charge. It bears repeating that any public safety conditions should have a nexus with the specific fear sworn to in the Information. I underline this with respect to the imposition of conditions prohibiting the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Where the condition is not demonstrably connected to the alleged fear, it may merely set the defendant up for breach, especially where the defendant is known to have a substance use disorder [citation omitted]. Any condition should not be so onerous as effectively to constitute a detention order by setting the defendant up to fail [citation omitted].
[59] The Court clearly endorsed the use of peace bonds as instruments of preventive justice, recognizing that a defendant is not in the same position as a person accused of a criminal offence. This commentary on the purpose of peace bonds informs the interpretation of types of evidence admissible on a peace bond hearing. In my view, hearsay evidence is presumptively admissible in order for a judge to assess whether reasonable grounds exist for the informant’s subjective fear that a defendant will commit a serious personal injury offence.