R. v. Reis, 2003 MBCA 98
16 This is obviously a case of deceit or falsehood in that sense. The accused lied to MPIC about his work status with respect to the promised job. While the trial judge had a reasonable doubt as to whether MPIC’s pecuniary assets were at risk, it is also obvious that the steps taken by the accused were more than mere preparation, as required by s. 24 of the Code for an offence of attempt.
17 But what of the accused’s intent? Did he have the mens rea for the offence of fraud, which is the mens rea for the offence of attempt fraud? (Detering v. The Queen, 1982 CanLII 59 (SCC), [1982] 2 S.C.R. 583.)
18 The accused argues that the trial judge’s reasonable doubt as to whether MPIC’s pecuniary interests were at risk equates to a reasonable doubt with respect to the deprivation component of the mens rea of fraud. I disagree. The pecuniary risk aspect related to the actus reus is a matter of fact to be determined by the trial judge. While the trial judge had a reasonable doubt as to whether there was a risk in fact because of the safeguards MPIC put in place, he did not directly address the deprivation component of the mens rea of the offence. For that, the Crown must prove that the accused had subjective knowledge that his deceit could cause deprivation to MPIC by way of actual loss or pecuniary risk. It is the accused’s intention at the time of the deceit that is relevant. From the findings of fact made by the trial judge and the inferences to be drawn from them, there can be only one conclusion. The accused knew that his false application could cause MPIC to pay out income replacement benefits (that was the whole purpose of his deceit) or at least MPIC could be put at risk of doing so. Even if the safeguards in place made such a payout or risk impossible, that is no defence to attempt fraud when the accused’s actions go beyond mere preparation (United States of America v. Dynar, 1997 CanLII 359 (SCC), [1997] 2 S.C.R. 462).
19 I agree with the Crown that all of the elements of the offence of attempt fraud were established on the evidence at trial beyond a reasonable doubt.
20 But did the trial judge err in law in not convicting the accused of attempt fraud when the Crown did not seek such a conviction in the event of an acquittal on the offence of fraud?
21 Section 660 of the Code explicitly recognizes that an accused may be convicted of the attempt of the offence charged:
660. Where the complete commission of an offence charged is not proved but the evidence establishes an attempt to commit the offence, the accused may be convicted of the attempt.
22 The trial judge did not mention the offence of attempt in his reasons. That may be somewhat understandable because the Crown did not seek an alternative conviction in the event of an acquittal. Nonetheless, it was incumbent on the trial judge to direct himself in the same way a judge is required to instruct a jury on included offences when there is a viable issue raised by the evidence (R. v. Smith (1978), 1978 CanLII 2394 (SK KB), 39 C.C.C. (2d) 205 (Sask. QB); R. v. George, 1960 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1960] S.C.R. 871). Thus it was incumbent on the trial judge to direct his mind to the included offence of attempt fraud. His failure to do so was an error in law.
23 Section 686(4) of the Code outlines the options available to this court on Crown appeals:
686(4) If an appeal is from an acquittal … the court of appeal may
(a) dismiss the appeal; or
(b) allow the appeal, set aside the verdict and
(i) order a new trial, or
(ii) except where the verdict is that composed of a judge and jury, enter a verdict of guilty with respect to the offence of which, in its opinion, the accused should have been found guilty but for the error in law, and pass a sentence that is warranted in law, or remit the matter to the trial court and direct the trial court to impose a sentence that is warranted in law.
24 As already noted, the Crown asks this court to enter a verdict of guilty for the offence of attempt fraud. The powers of an appellate court to allow an appeal from acquittal and enter a verdict of guilty are subject to limits. In R. v. Cassidy, 1989 CanLII 25 (SCC), [1989] 2 S.C.R. 345, in regard to a trial by judge alone, Lamer J., as he then was, commented on the availability of a guilty verdict (at pp. 354-54):
The Crown replies that the Court of Appeal may allow a Crown appeal against an acquittal entered by a trial judge and substitute a verdict of guilty where the Crown establishes that an error of law was committed at trial, satisfies the Court of Appeal that, had there been a proper application of the law, the verdict would not have been the same, and further demonstrates that the accused should have been found guilty but for the error of law. In this respect, the principle that has been established at common law is that all the findings necessary to support a verdict of guilty must have been made, either explicitly or implicitly, or not be in issue (Vézeau v. The Queen, 1976 CanLII 7 (SCC), [1977] 2 S.C.R. 277, at pp. 291-92, and R. v. Courville (1982), 1982 CanLII 3706 (ON CA), 2 C.C.C. (3d) 118 (Ont. C.A.), at p. 125; aff. sub nom., Courville v. The Queen, 1985 CanLII 37 (SCC), [1985] 1 S.C.R. 847.) …