R. v. Root, 2008 ONCA 869
[92] Section 24 of the Criminal Code instructs that an attempt to commit an offence consists of two elements:
i. the intent to commit the offence; and
ii. conduct, which is more than merely preparatory acts or omissions, for the purpose of carrying out the intention to commit the offence.
Attempts are preliminary or inchoate crimes. That it is not possible to commit the substantive offence attempted is of no legal moment. Dynar at para. 49; Criminal Code, s. 24(1).
[93] Under s. 24(2) of the Criminal Code, whether conduct by a person who intends to commit a crime is mere preparation or has progressed beyond it to constitute the actus reus of an attempt is a question of law. Designation of a judge’s decision to characterize an accused’s conduct as mere preparation or the actus reus of an attempt as a question of law is of particular importance in cases like this where the appellant’s right of appeal is restricted to questions of law alone.
[94] In every case of an attempt to commit an offence, the mens rea of the substantive offence will be present and complete. In every attempt, what is incomplete is the actus reus of the substantive offence. But incompleteness of the actus reus of the substantive offence will not bar a conviction of attempt, provided the actus reus is present in an incomplete, but more than preparatory way. Dynar at paras. 73 and 74.
[95] The actus reus may be but does not have to be a crime, tort or even a moral wrong. R. v. Cline, 1956 CanLII 150 (ON CA), [1956] O.R. 539, at p. 550 (C.A.).
[96] The authorities have yet to develop a satisfactory general criterion to assist trial judges in making the crucial distinction between mere preparation, on the one hand, and an attempt on the other. We leave the determination of where on the continuum the conduct lies to the common sense judgment of trial judges. R. v. Deutsch, 1986 CanLII 21 (SCC), [1986] 2 S.C.R. 2 at pp. 22-23.
[97] The distinction between preparation and attempt is a qualitative one involving the relationship between the nature and quality of the act said to constitute the attempt and the nature of the substantive offence attempted in its complete form. Deutsch at p. 23.
[98] To determine on which side of the preparation/attempt divide an accused’s conduct falls, a trial judge should consider the relative proximity of that conduct to the conduct required to amount to the completed substantive offence. Relevant factors would include time, location and acts under the control of the accused yet to be accomplished. Deutsch at p. 23.
[99] Relative proximity may give an act, which might otherwise seem to be mere preparation, the quality of an attempt. Deutsch at p. 26; R. v. Henderson, 1948 CanLII 17 (SCC), [1948] S.C.R. 226 at p. 245. Further, an act on its face an act of commission does not lose its quality as the actus reus of an attempt simply because further acts are required, or because a significant period of time may elapse before the completion of the substantive offence. Henderson at p. 244; Deutsch at p. 26.
[100] To constitute the actus reus of an attempt, the act of an accused need not be the last act before the completion of the substantive offence. To constitute the actus reus of an attempt, an act must be sufficiently proximate to the intended crime to amount to more than mere preparation to commit it. This requirement of proximity, expressed in the divide between preparation and attempt, has to do with the sequence of events leading to the crime that an accused has in mind to commit. To be guilty of an attempt, an accused must have progressed a sufficient distance (beyond mere preparation) down the intended path. Williams, Criminal Law (The General Part), at p. 625. An act is proximate if it is the first of a series of similar or related acts intended to result cumulatively in a substantive crime.
[101] The legislative decision reflected in s. 24(2) of the Criminal Code, to make the determination whether an act done with intent to commit an offence is or extends beyond mere preparation a question of law, would seem to impose a standard of correctness for appellate review of decisions made at trial on this issue.
[102] The law of attempts becomes engaged only when the mens rea of the completed offence is present in its entirety and the actus reus of the completed offence is present in an incomplete but more-than-merely preparatory way. An attempt may be complete without the actual commission of any other offence and even without the performance of any act unlawful in itself.