R. v. Attard, 2024 ONCA 616
[59] In terms of the extraction of the EDR data, the question was whether that act by the police violated the respondent’s s. 8 Charter-protected interests. To answer that question, the trial judge had to determine whether there was a reasonable expectation of privacy in the EDR data. It is the respondent’s onus to establish that he did, failing which s. 8 protection is not extended.
[60] Three broad categories of privacy interests have emerged over time: territorial, personal, and informational: R. v. El-Azrak, 2023 ONCA 440, at para. 30; R. v. Spencer, 2014 SCC 43, at para. 38.
[61] At paras. 31-32 of El-Azrak, Fairburn A.C.J.O., writing for this court, summarized the legal framework - whatever the form of privacy is at issue – for whether someone has a reasonable expectation of privacy. That determination necessitates both a factual and a normative inquiry. The factual inquiry necessitates a command of all the circumstances in play in the case. The normative inquiry is broader in nature, with an eye to protecting that for which we ought to expect protection from a privacy perspective in a free and democratic society. The test for determining whether someone has a reasonable expectation of privacy asks the following:
1. What is the subject matter of the search?
2. Does the accused have a direct interest in that subject matter?
3. Does the accused have a subjective expectation of privacy in the subject matter?
4. Would an expectation of privacy be objectively reasonable in the circumstances of the case?
[62] The respondent claimed an informational privacy interest in the EDR data. The first three questions in the test were easily answered, as they were not in dispute: (1) the EDR data was the subject matter of the search; (2) the respondent, as driver of the car, had a direct interest in the EDR data; and (3) the Crown conceded that the respondent had a subjective expectation of privacy in the EDR data. The parties were divided on the answer to the fourth question.
[63] The trial judge found that, in the circumstances, there was an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in the EDR data. In my view, he erred in law in so finding.
[64] In finding that there was a reasonable expectation of privacy in the EDR data, the trial judge analogized an EDR to personal computers, location trackers, and wiretaps. However, those analogies are not apt.
[65] The EDR is completely objective. It contains no information going to the driver’s biological core, lifestyle, or personal choices, nor information that could be said to directly compromise his “dignity, integrity and autonomy”: Fedan, at para. 82. The recorded EDR data has information limited to a five-second window before the crash on the vehicle’s speed, throttle, and braking. There is no data on driving patterns, driving history, or average driving speed. There is no data on location or GPS coordinates. EDRs are not reprogrammable and cannot be reinstalled once removed.
[66] While an EDR is an electronic data storage device just as are personal computers, cell phones, and location trackers, the similarities end there. There is no personal information in the EDR akin to that which could potentially be found on a computer, cell phone or location tracker. EDR data is impersonal, automatically deleted, and limited to five seconds of information regarding the operations of the car. It has no link to any location or person. It does not identify the driver. It does not broadcast or receive data. As the court observed in Major, at paras. 68-71, the data provides no independent insight into the behaviours of anyone in the car.
[67] In short, the EDR data provides no personal identifiers that could link the driver to its captured data. Accordingly, the respondent had no reasonable expectation of informational privacy in the EDR data after the vehicle he was driving had been lawfully seized.
[68] This conclusion is reinforced by a recognition that EDR data is about the manner of driving, which is a public, highly regulated activity. Indeed, in the present case, the respondent’s driving was caught on camera and dashcam video. While EDR data contains more detailed information than what a member of the public might observe, the information is qualitatively similar – the speed of the vehicle and whether it is braking can be seen.
[69] For these reasons, I agree with the courts of appeal in Fedan and Major that a driver/owner does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the EDR and its data after the vehicle has been lawfully seized under s. 489(2).
[70] The trial judge’s errors in law on Issues 1 and 2 had a material bearing on the respondent’s acquittal because, as previously noted, the evidentiary gap on acceleration and speed would have been filled by the EDR data.
Aucun commentaire:
Publier un commentaire