I.M. c. R., 2021 QCCA 1754
[28] In Alexandre c. R., Chief Justice Duval Hesler, on behalf of this Court, summarized the rule against self-serving evidence as follows:[12]
[52] La preuve d’une déclaration extrajudiciaire d’un accusé qui tend à le disculper n’est généralement pas admissible en vertu de la règle qui interdit la preuve préconstituée. Une telle preuve n’est pas fiable, car il s’agit d’une déclaration intéressée. Selon le juge et auteur E.G. Ewaschuk :
As a general rule, a witness may not "repeat in court a statement he made out-of-court or in prior court proceedings" and an accused may not elicit from a witness testifying in court — not even from a co-accused — a statement the accused made out-of-court to the witness or "a statement the accused testified to in prior court proceedings". The former rule is termed the rule against prior consistent statements and the latter rule is termed the rule against self-serving evidence, both of which are ancillary to the hearsay rule. The above exclusionary rules have also been termed the "rules against narrative and self-confirmation".
[Italics from the original; references omitted]
[29] In their Traité général de preuve et de procédure pénales, Vauclair and Desjardins provide a similar perspective:
1422. En principe, les témoins doivent venir rendre compte devant la cour des faits dont ils ont personnellement eu connaissance. Les déclarations extrajudiciaires des témoins, comme leurs déclarations judiciaires qui, à cet égard, sont soumises aux mêmes règles, ne peuvent donc être ni admises ni utilisées au procès parce qu’elles constituent du ouï-dire, sauf exception à ce principe. On ne peut non plus mettre en preuve le fait qu’un témoin a déjà fait une déclaration compatible avec son témoignage puisqu’il s’agit d’une preuve préconstituée (self-serving evidence). Dans l’arrêt Ellard, la Cour suprême a indiqué que « [l]e raisonnement justifiant l’exclusion de ces déclarations est que la répétition ne renforce pas la valeur ou la véracité d’un témoignage et ne doit pas être considérée comme telle. Une déclaration antérieure compatible ne peut donc pas devenir une preuve confirmatoire du témoignage […] ».[13]
[Italics from the original; references omitted; emphasis added]
[30] In R. v. Béland, the majority of the Supreme Court defined oath-helping as evidence introduced “solely for the purpose of bolstering a witness’s credibility”.[14] In R. v. B. (F.F.), Justice Iacobucci indicated that oath-helping evidence “would tend to prove the truthfulness of the witness, rather than the truth of the witness’ statements”.[15]
[31] More recently, Martin, J.A., on behalf of the majority of the Court of Appeal of Alberta, outlined the main characteristics of oath-helping evidence. The following excerpt, which is cited by the respondent, is particularly insightful in light of the appellant’s submissions:
[90] First, evidence is bolstering if a reasonable fact-finder would or might consider the contested proof when assessing the credibility of a proponent’s witness. Second, the proof must make it more likely that the fact-finder would conclude the witness is credible. Third, the proof does not increase the likelihood that a fact in issue does or does not exist. It focuses on the personal characteristics of the witness whose credibility is enhanced. Put another way, the impugned proof does not elevate the likelihood that a fact testified to by the witness (whose credibility benefits from the impugned evidence) exists.[16]
[References omitted; emphasis added]
[32] Finally, in R. v. Muchikekwanape, Steel, J.A., for the Court of Appeal of Manitoba, enumerated six cases in which photographs are admissible into evidence:
1) to illustrate the facts on which experts base their opinion and to illustrate the steps by which they arrive at their opinions;
2) to illustrate minutiae of objects described in the testimony of a witness, i.e.; to show the nature and the extent of the wounds;
3) to corroborate testimony and provide a picture of the evidence and to assist [the] jury in determining its accuracy and weight;
4) to link the injuries of the deceased to the murder weapon;
5) to provide assistance as to the issues of intent and as to whether the murder was planned and deliberate;
6) to help the jury determine the truth of the theories put forth by the crown or defense, e.g.; as to which accused committed the crime; as to whether the crime was committed in self-defence.[17]
[Emphasis added]