R. v. Al-Akhali, 2025 ONCA 229
[20] The defence of honest but mistaken belief in communicated consent has two requirements. The accused must (1) honestly believe that the complainant communicated consent and (2) take reasonable steps in the circumstances known to the accused at the time to ascertain consent. If the accused shows an air of reality to both requirements, then the defence is in play and the Crown must negate it by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that either requirement is lacking. See R. v. Barton, 2019 SCC 33, [2019] 2 S.C.R. 579, at paras. 121-123. If the Crown negates the defence, then the accused can no longer claim that he believed that the complainant communicated consent. The Crown will then usually have “little difficulty” proving that the accused knew that the complainant did not consent or was wilfully blind or reckless to this risk. See R. v. Degale, 2024 ONCA 720, 98 C.R. (7th) 146, at para. 18.
[21] The first requirement means that the accused must subjectively accept as true that the complainant said “yes” to the sexual activity through her words and/or actions. Merely suspecting, guessing, supposing, or hoping that this might be true is insufficient. See Barton, at para. 90; Ontario (Environment and Climate Change) v. Geil, 2018 ONCA 1030, 371 C.C.C. (3d) 149, at para. 55. Rather, the defence fails if the accused was either aware of a risk that the complainant did not communicate consent or suspected that such a risk might exist, but deliberately suppressed the suspicion and chose not to inquire further. Those are the blameworthy mental states of recklessness and wilful blindness, not honest belief. See R. v. Sansregret, 1985 CanLII 79 (SCC), [1985] 1 S.C.R. 570, at pp. 581-588; R. v. Ewanchuk, 1999 CanLII 711 (SCC), [1999] 1 S.C.R. 330, at para. 52; and Criminal Code, s. 273.2(a)(ii). The defence also fails if it rests on a mistake of law, such as implied consent, broad advance consent, or propensity to consent. See Barton, at paras. 96-100.
[22] In 1992, Parliament added the second requirement, that the accused must “take reasonable steps, in the circumstances known to the accused at the time, to ascertain that the complainant was consenting.” See Criminal Code, s. 273.2(b). Parliament intervened to correct the old law, which allowed the accused’s subjective belief that the complainant consented to exculpate, no matter how unreasonable and even if the accused did nothing to ascertain consent. In Parliament’s view, requiring everyone to take proper care to ensure that their intended sexual partner communicated consent would better protect against and prevent non-consensual sexual activity. Parliament determined that breaching this straightforward minimum ethical standard is not morally innocent. Instead, it is wrongful, grossly irresponsible, and an affront to the basic rights, dignity, and equality of others. See Barton, at paras. 105-109; R. v. Malcolm, 2000 MBCA 77, 147 C.C.C. (3d) 34, at paras. 13-14, leave to appeal refused, [2000] S.C.C.A. No. 473; and R. v. Darrach (1998), 1998 CanLII 1648 (ON CA), 38 O.R. (3d) 1 (C.A.), at p. 25, aff’d on other grounds, 2000 SCC 46, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 443.
[23] Under the two-part reasonable steps test, judges and juries first determine the circumstances that the accused subjectively knew. Next, they decide if a reasonable person knowing those circumstances would have taken more steps than the accused took to ascertain communicated consent to the sexual activity. The defence fails if the answer to this second question is yes and succeeds if the answer is no or there is reasonable doubt. See R. v. Alboukhari, 2013 ONCA 581, 310 O.A.C. 305, at para. 41, citing Malcolm, at para. 24; Barton, at para. 104.
[24] Six key principles govern the application of this test.
[25] First, Parliament’s purpose of protecting people from and preventing non-consensual sexual activity drives the reasonable steps assessment. This principle favours greater care and requiring more, not fewer, steps. It ensures that the reasonable person is “guided by the need to protect and preserve every person’s bodily integrity, sexual autonomy, and human dignity.” See Barton, at para. 109. The reasonable person also recognizes that taking further steps to ascertain consent is an easy and straightforward way to respect others and avoid gravely wronging and harming them. See R. v. T.S., [1999] O.J. No. 268 (Gen. Div.), at para. 153.
[26] Second, the reasonable person would take more steps if they did not believe that the complainant had communicated consent or if they were aware of a risk of non-consent. See R. v. Cornejo (2003), 2003 CanLII 26893 (ON CA), 68 O.R. (3d) 117 (C.A.), at para. 34, leave to appeal refused, [2004] S.C.C.A. No. 32. This is so because reasonable steps invariably “constitute reasonable grounds” to believe in communicated consent. See Barton, at para. 113. Conversely, “a step … that does not in fact reasonably support a belief … cannot constitute a reasonable step.” See R. v. Morrison, 2019 SCC 15, [2019] 2 S.C.R. 3, at para. 107. This principle guards against making reasonable steps a “lip service” or box-checking exercise divorced from its goal of ascertaining communicated consent. See Barton, at para. 109; see also Morrison, at paras. 106-108.
[27] We must reconcile Darrach’s statement, at pp. 24-25, that a “mistaken belief [need not] be reasonable” with Barton and Morrison. Darrach could not have meant that steps that do not support a reasonable belief in communicated consent in the known circumstances could be reasonable. As Michael Plaxton writes in “Sexual Assault’s Strangely Intractable Fault Problem” (2022) 70 Crim. L.Q. 33, at p. 69, fn. 147, it is not obvious that such a hypothetical scenario is even possible. Even if it were, that reading of Darrach would contradict Barton and Morrison. Instead, following the Supreme Court’s guidance on the interpretation of intersecting precedents in R. v. Kirkpatrick, 2022 SCC 33, 471 D.L.R. (4th) 440, at para. 94, we must read Darrach harmoniously with Barton and Morrison. Taking that approach, Darrach must have been referring to unreasonable mistakes about the known circumstances. As Darrach emphasized, s. 273.2(b) personalizes the objective test to the circumstances that the accused “actually knew” even if the accused “ought to have known” other circumstances. See at p. 24. Thus, accused people who made an unreasonable mistake by failing to perceive certain circumstances could be acquitted if they honestly believed that the complainant communicated consent, and took the steps that a reasonable person, knowing only the circumstances they knew, would take to ascertain consent.
[28] Third, the reasonable person would take greater care if the accused knows circumstances that call out for caution. See Cornejo, at paras. 23-30. For instance, greater care is needed if:
• The accused intends to engage in an invasive and/or risky sexual activity, like unprotected sexual intercourse (Barton, at para. 108; R. v. Sanclemente, 2021 ONCA 906, 408 C.C.C. (3d) 429, at para. 100);
• The accused does not know, is unfamiliar with, and/or has no sexual experience with the complainant (Barton, at para. 108; T.S., at para. 158);
• The accused knows that the complainant rejected the accused’s advances before and/or during the encounter (Cornejo, at paras. 23-34);
• The accused knows that the complainant is or appears to be intoxicated and/or vulnerable – greater care is needed the more intoxicated and/or vulnerable the complainant appears (T.S., at para. 159; Morris Manning & Peter Sankoff, Manning, Mewett & Sankoff: Criminal Law, 5th ed. (Markham: LexisNexis, 2015), at para. 21.106); and,
• The accused knows that the complainant is or appears to be unconscious, asleep, or passed out – an unconscious person cannot provide consent (R. v. G.F., 2021 SCC 20, [2021] 1 S.C.R. 801, at paras. 44 and 56; R. v. Achuil, 2019 ABCA 299, 92 Alta. L.R. (6th) 270, at para. 14).
[29] Fourth, while people can communicate consent through actions as well as words, non-verbal conduct often lacks the clarity of a simple, verbal “yes” or “no.” It can be easy to misunderstand or make unfounded assumptions about what another person is trying to communicate through actions unaccompanied by words, especially if people are unfamiliar with each other. Thus, unless those actions unambiguously communicate consent, the reasonable person would take more steps. See Barton, at para. 107; Cornejo, at para. 21; and T.S., at paras. 154 and 158.
[30] Fifth, the reasonable person would take steps to ascertain consent to each sexual act, a requirement which may, depending on the circumstances, require taking additional steps where there are multiple acts. See Sanclemente, at paras. 97 and 99. This precludes a blanket approach that equates consent to one sexual act with consent to any and all. See G.F., at para. 63. Accordingly, confirming that another person has communicated consent to kissing and undressing is not, without more, reasonable steps to ascertain consent to sexual intercourse. See R. v. Gagnon, 2018 CMAC 1, 427 D.L.R. (4th) 430, at paras. 51-54, aff’d 2018 SCC 41, [2018] 3 S.C.R. 3.