Cozak c. R., 2019 QCCS 2281
[27] En matière criminelle, l’octroi systématique de frais n’existe plus depuis la refonte du système de justice criminelle en 1954[12]. En vertu de ses pouvoirs inhérents de surveillance et de contrôle, la Cour supérieure du Québec peut néanmoins adjuger des frais dans des circonstances exceptionnelles[13]. Ceux-ci permettent de sanctionner de façon sommaire la négligence ou l’inconduite d’une ou des parties à l’instance[14].
[28] L’arrêt Cronier, rendu par la Cour d’appel du Québec en 1981, établit les critères applicables à l’octroi de frais en vertu des pouvoirs inhérents de la Cour supérieure :
« […] En l’absence d’une conduite répréhensible de la part des appelants, d’une atteinte sérieuse à l’autorité du tribunal ou d’une entrave grave à l’administration de la justice, ce qui n’est pas le cas ici, l’imposition de frais contre les appelants dans le contexte du débat actuel, ne se justifie aucunement.
D’autre part ce pouvoir de contrôle et de surveillance ne doit pas être exercé arbitrairement et de façon illimitée, mais plutôt « with the greatest reluctance and the greatest anxiety on the part of judges » (Re Clement, L.J. (1876-77) 46 Ch 375, p. 383). Il ne m’apparaît pas nécessaire d’insister sur cet aspect ici puisque le dossier ne révèle aucune faute de la part des appelants qui ait pu donner ouverture à l’exercice du pouvoir inhérent de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour supérieure. […] »[15]
[29] En 2017, la Cour suprême du Canada avalise l’arrêt Cronier et confirme, dans l’arrêt Jodoin, qu’un tel pouvoir est circonscrit par des critères d’exercice élevés[16]. Il y était question de la condamnation personnelle d’un avocat au paiement des frais. Or, seules les conduites graves peuvent justifier ce type de sanction. La Cour illustre les situations où il serait opportun de ce faire :
« [29] Il s’ensuit, à mon avis, qu’une condamnation personnelle de l’avocat aux dépens ne peut se justifier que de manière exceptionnelle, en présence d’une atteinte sérieuse à l’autorité des tribunaux ou d’une entrave grave à l’administration de la justice. Ce critère élevé est respecté lorsqu’un tribunal est en présence d’une procédure mal fondée, frivole, dilatoire ou vexatoire, qui dénote un abus grave du système judiciaire ou une inconduite malhonnête ou malveillante, commis de propos délibéré par l’avocat. Ainsi, un avocat ne peut sciemment utiliser les ressources judiciaires à une fin purement dilatoire, dans le seul but de faire obstruction de manière calculée au bon déroulement du processus judiciaire. »
[Le Tribunal souligne]
[30] La Cour rappelle ensuite que les tribunaux doivent s’en tenir aux faits propres à l’affaire dont ils sont saisis. L’analyse menée ne doit pas se substituer à une enquête déontologique. Tout au plus peuvent-ils recourir à des faits externes à l’instance concernée pour déterminer l’intention et la mauvaise foi derrière les actions de l’avocat ou, d’autre part, pour déterminer la connaissance de ce dernier de la désapprobation par les tribunaux des actions qu’on lui reproche[17].
[31] La Cour d’appel de l’Alberta, dans l’arrêt Griffin[18], illustre le type de situation où le comportement de la poursuivante pourrait être sanctionné par une condamnation aux frais :
« [25] An award of costs against the Crown is exceptional in both Charter and non-Charter cases. In R v CAM, 1996 CanLII 230 (SCC), [1996] 1 SCR 500 at para 97, 194 NR 321, the Supreme Court of Canada stated, “the prevailing convention of criminal practice is that whether the criminal defendant is successful or unsuccessful on the merits of the case, he or she is generally not entitled to costs.” In R v 974649 Ontario Inc, 2001 SCC 81 (CanLII), [2001] 3 SCR 575 [Dunedin Construction], a case of a Charter breach resulting from a failure to provide full disclosure, the Supreme Court of Canada described a high threshold for costs against the Crown stating at para 87:
Crown counsel is not held to a standard of perfection, and costs awards will not flow from every failure to disclose in a timely fashion. Rather, the developing jurisprudence uniformly restricts such awards, at a minimum, to circumstances of a marked and unacceptable departure from the reasonable standards expected of the prosecution.
[26] Similarly, in Robinson, a case dealing with an alleged Charter breach, this court stated at paras 29-30:
While costs may be awarded against the Crown in the exercise of the Court’s general jurisdiction, the clear rule has been that such costs will only be awarded where there has been serious misconduct on the part of the Crown. (See R. v. Pawlowski, (1993) 79 C.C.C. (3d) 356; R. v. M., C.A., 1996 CanLII 230 (SCC), [1996] 1 S.C.R. 500; Berry v. British Transportation Commission, [1961] 3 All E.R. 65 (CA).) The reasons for limiting costs are that the Crown is not an ordinary litigant, does not win or lose criminal cases, and conducts prosecutions and makes decisions respecting prosecutions in the public interest. In the absence of proof of misconduct, an award of costs against the Crown would be a harsh penalty for a Crown officer carrying out such public duties. ...
...
Costs should not be routinely awarded. Something more than a bona fide disagreement as to the applicable law, or a technical, unintended or innocent breach, whether clearly established or not, must be required. Otherwise, the criminal courts will be inundated with applications in this regard. ... Some degree of misconduct or an unacceptable degree of negligence must be present before costs are awarded against the Crown under s. 24(1) of the Charter.
[27] In Canada v Foster (2006), 2006 CanLII 38732 (ON CA), 274 DLR (4th) 253, 217 OAC 173, the Ontario Court of Appeal dealt with an investigation under the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act, RSC 1985, c 30, and described the circumstances where costs may be awarded against the Crown short of misconduct using adjectives such as “exceptional circumstances”, “remarkable”, “some special category” and “unique” when it stated at para 66:
Courts have not attempted to exhaustively define the scope of exceptional circumstances, outside Crown misconduct, that will justify an award of costs in a criminal matter. The language used in the cases, however, captures the unusual nature of such an order. For example, in R. v. M.(C.A.) (1996), 1996 CanLII 230 (SCC), 105 C.C.C. (3d) 327 (S.C.C.) at 377, the court referred to the “prevailing convention of criminal practice” that, absent oppressive or improper conduct by the Crown, a criminal defendant is generally not entitled to costs unless the circumstances are “remarkable”. To a similar effect is R. v. Leblanc, 1999 NSCA 170 (CanLII), [1999] N.S.J. No. 179 (C.A.) at para. 15. In R. v. King (1986), 1986 CanLII 1156 (BC CA), 26 C.C.C. (3d) 349 (B.C.C.A.) at 351, the court suggested that while the classes of cases for awarding costs beyond improper Crown conduct or a test case were not closed there would have to be “some special category”. In R. v. Curragh Inc. (1997), 1997 CanLII 381 (SCC), 113 C.C.C. (3d) 481 (S.C.C.) at para. 13 the circumstances were described as “unique” and justified an order for costs against the Crown. In Curragh Inc. the Supreme Court did not, however, identify the jurisdictional basis for awarding costs.
[…]
[29] In R v Taylor, 2008 NSCA 5 (CanLII), 261 NSR (2d) 247, the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal reviewed the jurisprudence relating to costs. Taylor was a case involving an income tax charge. The court held costs may be awarded against the Crown in “exceptional circumstances” and could include the circumstances of “conduct by the police or systemic failures so extraordinary as to be virtually unique in character”. The court stated at para 54:
Distilling the relevant legal principles from these several authorities leads me to three general conclusions. First, in criminal proceedings, where exceptional circumstances exist, a costs award may be made against the Crown, whether as a remedy pursuant to s. 24(1) of the Charter or pursuant to the court’s own inherent jurisdiction. Second, the prosecution’s own misconduct may draw a costs sanction in criminal proceedings where, for example, its actions go well beyond inadvertence or carelessness, and amount to oppressive or otherwise improper conduct. Examples would include a Crown Attorney’s failure to disclose evidence. Third, whether seen as a remedy under s. 24(1) of the Charter, or an exercise of the court’s own inherent jurisdiction, the imposition of a costs award against the Crown in criminal proceedings will be an unusual order, reserved to situations which may be seen to involve circumstances of a marked and unacceptable departure from the reasonable standards expected of the prosecution, or if not involving prosecutorial misconduct, conduct by the police or systemic failures so extraordinary as to be virtually unique in character. (Emphasis in original.) »
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